With the implementation of the EPA Tier 4 standards in 2015, railroads have all but stopped purchasing new locomotives from EMD (Caterpillar) and GE (Wabtec). The Tier 4 locomotives available from both manufacturers are more expensive and more complicated, which has discouraged railroads from purchasing many. Most of the locomotives ordered new in the last decade have been "Tier 4 credit units". These are Tier 3 units (ES44ACs) that railroads have received from emissions credits. Both of the ES44ACHs (or ES44AHs) on this southbound coal load at Acequia are credit units, delivered in late 2023 and early 2024.
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